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@article{Rikap2024,

title = {Varieties of corporate innovation systems and their interplay with global and national systems: Amazon, Facebook, Google and Microsoft’s strategies to produce and appropriate artificial intelligence},

author = {Cecilia Rikap},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09692290.2024.2365757},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2024.102087},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-24},

urldate = {2024-06-24},

journal = {Review of inteRnational Political economy},

abstract = {The widely accepted globalization of innovation entails two interrelated undertheorized aspects: (1) the capacity of certain firms to orchestrate transnational innovation systems appropriating successful results, which some have explained with the concept of corporate innovation systems (CIS), and (2) the co-existence of such globalization with those CIS and national innovation systems. I address these matters analysing US Big Tech artificial intelligence (AI) CIS showing that they combine multiple mechanisms to co-produce and appropriate AI. I propose ‘frenemy’ to describe Microsoft’s strategy because many Chinese organizations and even direct competitors integrate its CIS. ‘University’ symbolises Google’s strategy, given its focus on fundamental AI, its central place in the AI research field and appropriation mechanisms that are not translating into clear business advantages. ‘Secrecy’ defines Amazon’s strategy, maximizing knowledge inflows while minimizing outflows. Facebook, with the narrowest AI CIS, exhibits an ‘application-centred’ strategy. Ultimately, this paper contributes to understanding the multiple mechanisms used by leading corporations for controlling and shaping frontier transnational knowledge production and appropriation. By doing so, it advances our knowledge of the interplay between different innovation spheres (national, global and corporate) and highlights the dangers of CIS’s encroachment of national and global systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vanderPol2024,

title = {The impact of funding on the 5G innovation ecosystem},

author = {Johannes van der Pol},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-024-04954-z

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11192-024-04954-z.pdf},

doi = {/10.1007/s11192-024-04954-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-03-01},

urldate = {2024-03-01},

journal = {Scientometrics},

abstract = {This paper aims to extend the literature on the impact of research funding. Using 5G as a case study, this paper analyses how funding impacts the 5G innovation ecosystem. Using the functions of innovation systems as a framework, we analyse how several of these func- tions are influenced by research funding. The results a portion of the ecosystem only par- ticipates with funding. In addition the structure of the ecosystem is significantly altered. Research topics are also influenced by funding: some being mostly treated through fund- ing. Funding has little to no impact on the publications that lead to patents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rikap2023b,

title = {Intellectual monopolies as a new pattern of innovation and technological regime},

author = {Cecilia Rikap},

url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icc/dtad077/7462137},

doi = {/10.1093/icc/dtad077},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-07},

journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},

abstract = {Building on Schumpeter Mark I and Mark II, I propose an additional pattern of innovation and technological regime called the intellectual monopoly (IM) to explain the co-habitation of large incumbent firms with high entry and exit rates and provide evidence for pharmaceuticals and information technologies. I associate the IM pattern and technological regime with corporate innovation systems and illustrate that patterns not only evolve after changes in technological regimes but also due to economic, political, and institutional transformations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rikap2022,

title = {Becoming an intellectual monopoly by relying on the national innovation system: the State Grid Corporation of China's experience},

author = {Cecilia Rikap},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873332100264X},

doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2021.104472},

issn = {0048-7333},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-01},

urldate = {2022-05-01},

journal = {Research Policy},

volume = {51},

number = {4},

pages = {104472},

abstract = {This paper examines the origins of global leaders under intellectual monopoly capitalism. State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), the leading firm in artificial intelligence applications for the energy sector, became an intellectual monopoly relying heavily on China's national innovation system –particularly public research organizations and public funding, and innovation and energy policies. SGCC is unique because it did not rely on technology transfer from global leaders, unlike other national champions from developing or emerging countries. We provide evidence that contributes to thinking that SGCC first became a national intellectual monopoly and only afterwards expanded that monopoly globally. We empirically study SGCC's innovation networks. We proxy them using big data techniques to analyze the content, co-authors and co-owners of its publications and patents. Results also suggest that SGCC is capturing intellectual rents from its increasingly transnational and technologically diverse innovation networks by leveraging its national innovation system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lundvall2022,

title = {China's catching-up in artificial intelligence seen as a co-evolution of corporate and national innovation systems},

author = {Bengt-Åke Lundvall and Cecilia Rikap},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733321001918},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104395},

issn = {0048-7333},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Research Policy},

volume = {51},

number = {1},

pages = {104395},

abstract = {Inspired by Christopher Freeman's work on how radical technical change opens up for shifts in world leadership and on the role of innovation systems in this process, this paper explores China's emergence as a lead country in artificial intelligence as reflecting a co-evolution of Corporate and National Innovation Systems. Taking Freeman's (1987) work on Japan as our lead, we focus on the domestic interaction within and on the openness of China's national innovation system. To follow up on his prediction of the increasing importance of big companies as network leaders, we introduce the concept “corporate innovation system” with special attention to two Chinese tech giants: Alibaba and Tencent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}